1 Introduction
2 Previous work
2.1 Frustration during driving
2.2 Frustration-aware systems
2.3 Coping strategies
2.4 Methods to investigate causes for emotions
3 Diary study
3.1 Methods
3.1.1 Participants
3.1.2 Questionnaire
3.1.3 Data analyses
3.2 Results
Category | Subcategory |
---|---|
Traffic | Finding parking Dense traffic |
In-car situations | Other passengers/social environment Human Machine Interface Technical defects Events before the start of ride |
Weather | – |
Self-inflicted | – |
Other | – |
Category | Subcategory | Example |
---|---|---|
Traffic | ||
Finding parking | ‚no free parking spots‘ | |
‚my usual parking spot was taken‘ | ||
Dense traffic | ‚I had to wait for two red light cycles’ | |
‚standing three hours because of traffic jam’ | ||
Red lights | ‚I had to wait for 9 min at a closed train gate’ | |
‚many red lights and high traffic density’ | ||
Construction sites | ‚roadworks and road constriction’ | |
‚long roadworks with speed limits’ | ||
Unclear traffic management | ‚missing lane change from the center lane to the left lane’ | |
Unnecessary traffic rules | ‚many trucks and speed limits for no clear reason’ | |
in-car | ||
Human-Machine-Interface | ‚setting up the navigation system was so complicated I had to stop on the right hand side’ | |
‚Android Auto updated, all settings were changed. I had to leave the highway and change back all settings’ | ||
Events before start of ride | ‚co-driver complains about driving style’ | |
‚badly cognizable pedestrian because of bad weather conditions’ | ||
Social environment | ‚argument with my son’ | |
‚car passengers linger at the roadhouse’ | ||
Technical defect | ‚breakdown of the car, damaged beyond repair’ | |
‚flat tire on the highway’ | ||
Wrong information about traffic | ‚Route diversion isn’t displayed in the navigation system’ | |
self-inflicted | ||
‚forgot my chip-card to get into the parking garage’ | ||
‚I got caught in a speed trap’ | ||
weather conditions | ||
“Having to drive slowly because of snow’ | ||
“bad sight because of blinding lights of oncoming vehicles in the snow’ | ||
others | ||
‚something clatters in the trunk’ | ||
‚only bad music in the radio and everywhere the same music’ |
4 Focus group study
4.1 Aim
4.2 Methods
4.2.1 Participants
4.2.2 Procedure
4.2.3 Data analyses
4.3 Results
4.3.1 Frustrating events
Category | Subcategory | Example |
---|---|---|
traffic | ||
Construction sites | ‘roadworks’ | |
‘track width of roadworks’ | ||
Dense traffic | ‘traffic jam due to an accident’ | |
‘slow traffic flow in the rush hour’ | ||
Finding parking | ‘didn’t find a parking spot’ | |
‘parking in big cities’ | ||
Red lights | ‘bad traffic light circuit’ | |
‘no green wave on the main street’ | ||
Slow vehicles | ‘stuck behind a truck on a curvy road’ | |
‘slow car on the road’ | ||
Unclear traffic management | ‘too many road signs’ | |
‘badly signposted diversion road’ | ||
Unnecessary traffic rules | ‘unnecessary speed limit’ | |
‘traffic light circuit led to a long latency at night’ | ||
in-car | ||
HMI | ‘drive in a rental car with a lane departure warning system that constantly warned me in a roadwork section’ | |
‘infotainment-system hangs while driving’ | ||
Social environment | ‘co-driver constantly instructs me while driving’ | |
‘co-driver criticizes my driving mode’ | ||
Technical defect | ‘malfunctions of the car’ | |
‘car didn’t recognize the car key’ | ||
Wrong information about traffic | ‘obsolete traffic news’ | |
‘suddenly blocked road’ | ||
others | ||
‘bad roads (potholes)’ | ||
‘too expensive fuel’ | ||
self-inflicted | ||
‘got caught in a speed trap’ | ||
‘got lost while driving’ | ||
weather | ||
‘bad view and difficult driving conditions’ | ||
‘too much heat in the car’ |
4.3.2 Frustration intensity
4.3.3 Coping strategies
Category | Subcategory | Example |
---|---|---|
Attentional deployment | ||
Distraction by media | ‘turn on music’ | |
‘listen to a podcast’ | ||
Think about something else | ‘count to ten’ | |
‘try to enjoy the landscape’ | ||
Distraction by others | ‘distraction through talking to someone’ | |
‘talk to co-driver (to distract myself)’ | ||
Response modulation | ||
Curse | ‘curse once and call the other an idiot, after that I’m relaxed’ | |
‘yell out of the window’ | ||
Breathing/Relaxing | ‘massage my earlobes’ | |
‘taking a deep breath’ | ||
Smoke | ‘smoked a cigarette’ | |
Cognitive change | ||
Think differently about situation | ‘I took a step back in thought to get an overview’ | |
‘remind myself that coming home safe is more important than this takeover | ||
Accept situation | ‘see the situation more relaxed’ | |
‘I decided to wait’ | ||
Talk to someone about situation | ‘I talked to my co-driver about the situation’ | |
‘talk about the situation with a friend on the phone’ | ||
Change aims | ‘communicate that I will be too late’ | |
‘set a new time frame’ | ||
Situation modification | ||
Adapt own driving style | ‘switch on ACC to 80 (instead of the 100 that is allowed) if streets are crowded’ | |
‘drive slowly’ | ||
Look for solution | ‘looked for a solution of the problem’ | |
‘ask an expert for help’ | ||
Leave situation / take a break | ‘look for an alternative route’ | |
‘took a break’ | ||
Situation selection | ||
Prevention strategies | ‘leave my house on time’ | |
‘avoid places that repeatedly lead to frustration’ |