Introduction
Process | Species | Swelling [%] | Ref. | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Direction | Water | Ammonia | |||
Swelling in liquid ammonia for 16 h | Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carrière) | Tangential | 7.2 | 9.6 | a |
Radial | 4.5 | 4.0 | |||
Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco) | Tangential | 7.2 | 10.3 | ||
Radial | 5.2 | 11.4 | |||
Redwood (spp.) | Tangential | 3.8 | 5.3 | ||
Radial | 2.3 | 2.6 | |||
Swelling in liquid ammonia for 24 h | European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) | Tangential | 14.0 | 18.6 | b |
Radial | 5.6 | 2.5 | |||
Longitudinal | 1.4 | − 1.0 | |||
Swelling in aqueous ammonia solution (25%) for 19 days | European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) | Tangential | 11.8 | 13.8 | c |
Radial | 3.9 | 3.5 | |||
Oak (spp.) (likely European oak) | Tangential | 10.9 | 13.9 | ||
Radial | 5.0 | 5.5 |
Experimental
Ratio pi/psa | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.9 |
Pressure, absolute [bar] | 1.06 | 1.71 | 2.57 | 3.43 | 4.29 | 5.14 | 6.00 | 6.86 | 7.71 |